突出以往研究的不足之处
Previous studies of X have not dealt with…
Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they…
Most studies in the field of X have only focused on…
Such approaches, however, have failed to address…
Previous published studies are limited to local surveys.
Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether…
The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than V.
Previously published studies on the effect of X are not consistent.
Smith’s analysis does not take account of .... nor does she examine…
The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and V.
Most studies of X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature…
The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
Research on the subject has been mostly restricted to limited comparisons of…
However, few writers have been able to draw on any systematic research into…
Short-term studies such as these do not necessarily show subtle changes over time…
Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which…
However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if…
The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about…
提供建设性的建议
The study would have been more interesting if it had included…
These studies would have been more useful if they had focused on…
The study would have been more relevant if the researchers had asked…
The questionnaire would have been more useful if It had asked participants about…
The research would have been more relevant if a wider range of X had been explored
介绍特定作家的critical立场
Jones (2003) has also questioned why…
However, Jones (2003) points out that…
The author challenges the widely held view that…
Smith (1999) takes issue with the contention that…
The idea that ... was first challenged by Smith (1992).
Smith is critical of the tendency to compartmentalise X.
However, Smith (1967) questioned this hypothesis and…
Smith (1980) broke with tradition by raising the question of…
Jones (2003) has challenged some of Smith’s conclusions, arguing that…
Another major criticism of Smith’s study, made by Jones (2003), is that…
Jones (2003) is critical of the conclusions that Smith draws from his findings.
An alternative interpretation of the origins of X can be found in Smith (1976).
Jones (2003) is probably the best known critic of the X theory. He argues that…
In her discussion of X, Smith further criticises the ways in which some authors…
Smith’s decision to reject the classical explanation of X merits some discussion…
The latter point has been devastatingly critiqued by Jones (2003), who argues that…
In a recent article in Academic Journal, Smith (2014) questions the extent to which…
A recently published article by Smith et al. (2011) casts doubt on Jones’ assumption that…
Other authors (see Harbison, 2003; Kaplan, 2004) question the usefulness of such an approach.
介绍general criticism
Critics question the ability of poststructuralist theory to provide…
Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.
Smith’s meta-analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism.
The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that…
The X theory has been vigorously challenged in recent years by a number of writers.
These claims have been strongly contested in recent years by a number of writers.
More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones (1982):
Critics have also argued that not only do surveys provide an inaccurate measure of X, but the
Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003), for example,
